Yuzishan, in Shandongzhuang Village of Pinggu County, in the northeastern fringe of Beijing Municipality, is one of several places in China claiming to host the Yellow Emperor's Tomb. You ( 幽) or Youzhou ( 幽州) later became one of the historical names for Beijing. The sage-king Yao founded a town called Youdu ( 幽都) in the Hebei-Beijing region about 4,000 years ago. The Yellow Emperor is said to have founded the settlement of Youling ( 幽陵) in or near Zhuolu. This victory opened North China to settlement by the descendants of the Yan and Yellow Emperors. The triumph of the Yellow Emperor over the Yan Emperor at Banquan united the two Emperors' tribes and gave rise to the Huaxia or Chinese nation, which then defeated Chiyou and the Nine Li tribes in the Battle of Zhuolu, possibly at Zhuolu, 75 km (47 mi) west of Yanqing in Hebei Province. The epic Battle of Banquan, which according to Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, occurred in the 26th century BC, may have taken place near the Upper and Lower Banquan Villages of Yanqing County on the northwestern edge of Beijing Municipality. The earliest events of Beijing's history are shrouded in legend and myth.
These sites indicate that farming was widespread in the area 6,000 to 7,000 years ago. The most notable include Zhuannian of Huairou District Donghulin of Mentougou District Shangzhai and Beiniantou of Pinggu District Zhenjiangying of Fangshan and Xueshan of Changping District. The artifacts date to 24,000 to 25,000 years ago and are preserved in the Wangfujing Paleolithic Museum in the lower level of the New Oriental Plaza mall.Īrchaeologists have discovered over 40 neolithic settlements and burial sites throughout the municipality. In 1996, over 2,000 Stone Age tools and bone fragments were discovered at a construction site at Wangfujing in the heart of downtown Beijing in Dongcheng District. The Upper Cave on Dragon Bone Hill in Zhoukoudian where remains of the Peking Man were found.
Paleolithic homo sapiens also lived in the caves from about 27,000 to 10,000 years ago.
The earliest remains of hominid habitation in Beijing Municipality were found in the caves of Dragon Bone Hill near the village of Zhoukoudian in Fangshan District, where the Homo erectus Peking Man (previously classified as the now-invalid species Sinanthropus pekinensis) lived from 770,000 to 230,000 years ago. From 1279 onward, with the exception of two interludes from 1368 to 14 to 1949, Beijing would remain as China's capital, serving as the seat of power for the Ming dynasty (1421–1644), the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the early Republic of China (1912–1928) and now the People's Republic of China (1949–present). When Kublai Khan made Dadu the capital of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1279–1368), all of China was ruled from Beijing for the first time. Its stature grew in the 10th to the 13th centuries when the nomadic Khitan and forest-dwelling Jurchen peoples from beyond the Great Wall expanded southward and made the city a capital of their dynasties, the Liao and Jin. During the first millennia of imperial rule, Beijing was a provincial city in northern China. Thus, the area that was to become Beijing emerged as an important strategic and a local political centre. The northern border of ancient China ran close to the present city of Beijing, and northern nomadic tribes frequently broke in from across the border. It was a provincial center in the earliest unified empires of China, Qin and Han. Prior to the unification of China by the First Emperor in 221 BC, Beijing had been for centuries the capital of the ancient states of Ji and Yan. The city of Beijing has a long and rich history that dates back over 3,000 years. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings. Its current readable prose size is 124 kilobytes. This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably.
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